![]() ![]() Like pancreatic cancer, the other periampullary malignancies and extrahepatic cancers-herein collectively termed hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) malignancies-also have poor prognoses. This poor prognosis is partly explained by patients often presenting with advanced disease or distant metastases, due to the incipient nature by which pancreatic cancer develops and the absence of an effective screening tool. While the prognosis of most solid-organ cancers has improved over the last decade, the outcomes of patients with pancreatic cancer remain poor with an overall 5-year survival rate of 18% and 3.5% for patients with resectable and nonresectable disease, respectively. Pancreatic cancer is the twelfth-most common cancer worldwide, but ranks fifth in its contribution to cancer-related deaths.
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